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LC并联电路在正弦稳态下的传递函数推导(LC并联谐振选频电路)

LC并联电路在正弦稳态下的传递函数推导(LC并联谐振选频电路)

本文通过 1.解微分方程、2.阻抗模型两种方法推导 LC 并联选频电路在正弦稳态条件下的传递函数,并通过仿真验证不同频率时 vo(t) 与 vi(t) 的幅值相角的关系。

电路介绍

已知条件

电路结构如下

LC并联电路

  • R:电阻值
  • C:电容值
  • L:电感值
  • 输入电源vi(t)
    v i ( t ) = V I c o s ( w t ) v_i(t) = V_Icos(wt) vi(t)=VIcos(wt)

其中

V I :输入电压的幅值 w :输入电源的角频率 w 2 π :输入正弦信号的频率 \begin{array}{c} V_I: 输入电压的幅值\\ w: 输入电源的角频率\\ \frac{w}{2\pi} :输入正弦信号的频率 \end{array} VI:输入电压的幅值w:输入电源的角频率2πw:输入正弦信号的频率

理论计算

1.解微分方程法

解微分方程法常用的四个步骤

  1. 根据节点法列写微分方程
  2. 找出特解 vp(t)
  3. 找出对应的齐次方程的通解 vh(t)
  4. 根据初始条件计算通解中的常数参数

总的通解为特解+齐次解

v ( t ) = v p ( t ) + v h ( t ) v(t) = v_p(t) + v_h(t) v(t)=vp(t)+vh(t)

v p ( t ) v_{p}(t) vp(t) ,特解

v h ( t ) v_{h}(t) vh(t) ,齐次解

1.1 列些微分方程

前置知识

  • 电容伏安特性: i = C d v d t i = C\frac{dv}{dt} i=Cdtdv
  • 电感伏安特性: v = L d i d t v = L\frac{di}{dt} v=Ldtdi
  • 电感伏安特性的积分形式:
    1 L ∫ − ∞ t v d t = i \frac{1}{L} \begin{aligned} \int\limits_{-\infty}^t v \mathrm{d} t \end{aligned} = i L1tvdt=i

节点法列方程

v i ( t ) − v o ( t ) R = C d v o ( t ) d t + 1 L ∫ − ∞ t v o ( t ) d t \frac{v_i(t) - v_o(t)}{R} = C\frac{dv_o(t)}{dt} + \frac{1}{L} \begin{aligned} \int\limits_{-\infty}^t v_o(t) \mathrm{d} t \end{aligned} Rvi(t)vo(t)=Cdtdvo(t)+L1tvo(t)dt

整理移相得

v i ( t ) R = C d v o ( t ) d t + 1 L ∫ − ∞ t v o ( t ) d t + v o ( t ) R \frac{v_i(t)}{R} = C\frac{dv_o(t)}{dt} + \frac{1}{L} \begin{aligned} \int\limits_{-\infty}^t v_o(t) \mathrm{d} t \end{aligned} +\frac{v_o(t)}{R} Rvi(t)=Cdtdvo(t)+L1tvo(t)dt+Rvo(t)

等式两边对 t 微分,且带入 $
v_i(t) = V_Icos(wt)
$ 可得:

− w V I s i n ( w t ) R = C d v o 2 ( t ) d t 2 + 1 R d v o ( t ) d t + 1 L v o ( t ) \begin{array}{c} \frac{-wV_Isin(wt)}{R} = \\ C\frac{dv_o^2(t)}{dt^2} +\frac{1}{R}\frac{dv_o(t)}{dt} + \frac{1}{L}v_o(t) \end{array} RwVIsin(wt)=Cdt2dvo2(t)+R1dtdvo(t)+L1vo(t)

1.2 找特解

设 vo(t) 的特解的形式为 v p ( t ) = A c o s ( w t + ϕ ) v_p(t) = Acos(wt+\phi) vp(t)=Acos(wt+ϕ),其中 A 和 ∅ 为要求得未知量,将 vp(t) 带入微分方程,可得:

− w V I s i n ( w t ) R = − C w 2 A c o s ( w t + ϕ ) − 1 R w A s i n ( w t + ϕ ) + 1 L A c o s ( w t + ϕ ) \begin{array}{c} \frac{-wV_Isin(wt)}{R} = -Cw^2Acos(wt+\phi) \\ -\frac{1}{R}wAsin(wt+\phi) + \frac{1}{L}Acos(wt+\phi) \end{array} RwVIsin(wt)=Cw2Acos(wt+ϕ)R1wAsin(wt+ϕ)+L1Acos(wt+ϕ)

利用三角函数的公式可得:

− w V I s i n ( w t ) R = − C w 2 A c o s ( w t ) c o s ( ϕ ) + C w 2 A s i n ( w t ) s i n ( ϕ ) − w A R s i n ( w t ) c o s ( ϕ ) − w A R c o s ( w t ) s i n ( ϕ ) + A L c o s ( w t ) c o s ( ϕ ) − A L s i n ( w t ) s i n ( ϕ ) \begin{array}{c} \frac{-wV_Isin(wt)}{R} = -Cw^2Acos(wt)cos(\phi) + \\ Cw^2Asin(wt)sin(\phi)-\frac{wA}{R}sin(wt)cos(\phi) \\ -\frac{wA}{R}cos(wt)sin(\phi) + \frac{A}{L}cos(wt)cos(\phi)\\ -\frac{A}{L}sin(wt)sin(\phi) \end{array} RwVIsin(wt)=Cw2Acos(wt)cos(ϕ)+Cw2Asin(wt)sin(ϕ)RwAsin(wt)cos(ϕ)RwAcos(wt)sin(ϕ)+LAcos(wt)cos(ϕ)LAsin(wt)sin(ϕ)

合并同类项

− w V I s i n ( w t ) R = ( A L − C w 2 A ) c o s ( w t ) c o s ( ϕ ) + ( C w 2 A − A L ) s i n ( w t ) s i n ( ϕ ) − w A R s i n ( w t ) c o s ( ϕ ) − w A R c o s ( w t ) s i n ( ϕ ) \begin{array}{c} \frac{-wV_Isin(wt)}{R} = \\ (\frac{A}{L}-Cw^2A)cos(wt)cos(\phi) + \\ (Cw^2A-\frac{A}{L})sin(wt)sin(\phi)-\\ \frac{wA}{R}sin(wt)cos(\phi) \\ -\frac{wA}{R}cos(wt)sin(\phi) \end{array} RwVIsin(wt)=(LACw2A)cos(wt)cos(ϕ)+(Cw2ALA)sin(wt)sin(ϕ)RwAsin(wt)cos(ϕ)RwAcos(wt)sin(ϕ)

提公因式

− w V I s i n ( w t ) R = ( A L − C w 2 A ) ( c o s ( w t ) c o s ( ϕ ) − s i n ( w t ) s i n ( ϕ ) ) − w A R ( s i n ( w t ) c o s ( ϕ ) + c o s ( w t ) s i n ( ϕ ) ) \begin{array}{c} \frac{-wV_Isin(wt)}{R} = \\ (\frac{A}{L}-Cw^2A)(cos(wt)cos(\phi)\\ -sin(wt)sin(\phi))\\ -\frac{wA}{R}(sin(wt)cos(\phi) \\ +cos(wt)sin(\phi)) \end{array} RwVIsin(wt)=(LACw2A)(cos(wt)cos(ϕ)sin(wt)sin(ϕ))RwA(sin(wt)cos(ϕ)+cos(wt)sin(ϕ))

利用三角函数公式合并

− w V I s i n ( w t ) R = ( A L − C w 2 A ) c o s ( w t + ϕ ) − w A R s i n ( w t + ϕ ) \begin{array}{c} \frac{-wV_Isin(wt)}{R} = \\ (\frac{A}{L}-Cw^2A)cos(wt+\phi) \\ -\frac{wA}{R}sin(wt+\phi) \end{array} RwVIsin(wt)=(LACw2A)cos(wt+ϕ)RwAsin(wt+ϕ)

根据以下公式

A 1 c o s ( θ ) − A 2 s i n ( θ ) = A 1 2 + A 2 2 s i n ( θ − t a n − 1 ( A 1 A 2 ) ) \begin{array}{c} A_1cos(\theta) - A_2sin(\theta)\\ =\sqrt{A_1^2+A_2^2}sin(\theta-tan^{-1}(\frac{A_1}{A_2})) \end{array} A1cos(θ)A2sin(θ)=A12+A22 sin(θtan1(A2A1))

可以继续合并化简为:

− w V I s i n ( w t ) R = ( A L − C w 2 A ) 2 + ( w A R ) 2 ∗ s i n ( w t + ϕ − t a n − 1 ( A L − C w 2 A w A R ) ) \begin{array}{c} \frac{-wV_Isin(wt)}{R} = \\ \sqrt{(\frac{A}{L}-Cw^2A)^2+(\frac{wA}{R})^2}*\\ sin(wt+\phi-tan^{-1}(\frac{\frac{A}{L}-Cw^2A}{\frac{wA}{R}})) \end{array} RwVIsin(wt)=(LACw2A)2+(RwA)2 sin(wt+ϕtan1(RwALACw2A))

令对应位置相等,可得

− w V I R = ( A L − C w 2 A ) 2 + ( w A R ) 2 \begin{array}{c} \frac{-wV_I}{R} = \sqrt{(\frac{A}{L}-Cw^2A)^2+(\frac{wA}{R})^2} \end{array} RwVI=(LACw2A)2+(RwA)2

ϕ = t a n − 1 ( R ( 1 − C w 2 L ) w L ) \begin{array}{c} \phi = tan^{-1}(\frac{R(1-Cw^2L)}{wL}) \end{array} ϕ=tan1(wLR(1Cw2L))

化简上式可得

( w V I ) 2 R 2 = ( A L − C w 2 A ) 2 + ( w A R ) 2 \begin{array}{c} \frac{(wV_I)^2}{R^2} = (\frac{A}{L}-Cw^2A)^2+(\frac{wA}{R})^2 \end{array} R2(wVI)2=(LACw2A)2+(RwA)2

分解因式

( w V I ) 2 R 2 = A 2 L 2 + ( C w 2 A ) 2 − 2 A L C w 2 A + ( w A R ) 2 \begin{array}{c} \frac{(wV_I)^2}{R^2} = \\ \frac{A^2}{L^2}+(Cw^2A)^2-2\frac{A}{L}Cw^2A+(\frac{wA}{R})^2 \end{array} R2(wVI)2=L2A2+(Cw2A)22LACw2A+(RwA)2

两边同时乘以 L2R2

( L w V I ) 2 = A 2 R 2 + ( L R C w 2 A ) 2 − 2 A 2 L R 2 C w 2 + ( L w A ) 2 \begin{array}{c} (LwV_I)^2 = A^2R^2+(LRCw^2A)^2\\ -2A^2LR^2Cw^2+(LwA)^2 \end{array} (LwVI)2=A2R2+(LRCw2A)22A2LR2Cw2+(LwA)2

提出 A 移项整理得

A 2 = ( L w V I ) 2 R 2 + ( L R C w 2 ) 2 − 2 L R 2 C w 2 + ( L w ) 2 \begin{array}{c} A^2 = \frac{(LwV_I)^2}{R^2+(LRCw^2)^2 -2LR^2Cw^2+(Lw)^2} \end{array} A2=R2+(LRCw2)22LR2Cw2+(Lw)2(LwVI)2

分式上下同时除以 (Lw)2

A 2 = V I 2 ( R L w ) 2 + ( R C w ) 2 − 2 R 2 C L + 1 \begin{array}{c} A^2 = \frac{V_I^2}{(\frac{R}{Lw})^2+(RCw)^2-\frac{2R^2C}{L}+1} \end{array} A2=(LwR)2+(RCw)2L2R2C+1VI2

两边开方,同时只取正解

A = V I ( R L w ) 2 + ( R C w ) 2 − 2 R 2 C L + 1 \begin{array}{c} A = \frac{V_I}{\sqrt{(\frac{R}{Lw})^2+(RCw)^2-\frac{2R^2C}{L}+1}} \end{array} A=(LwR)2+(RCw)2L2R2C+1 VI

因此,可得 vp

v p ( t ) = A c o s ( w t + ϕ ) v_p(t) = A cos(wt + \phi) vp(t)=Acos(wt+ϕ)

其中:

A = V I ( R L w ) 2 + ( R C w ) 2 − 2 R 2 C L + 1 \begin{array}{c} A = \frac{V_I}{\sqrt{(\frac{R}{Lw})^2+(RCw)^2-\frac{2R^2C}{L}+1}} \end{array} A=(LwR)2+(RCw)2L2R2C+1 VI

ϕ = t a n − 1 ( R ( 1 − C w 2 L ) w L ) \begin{array}{c} \phi = tan^{-1}(\frac{R(1-Cw^2L)}{wL}) \end{array} ϕ=tan1(wLR(1Cw2L))

1.3 找通解

微分方程对应的齐次方程为

0 = C d v o 2 ( t ) d t 2 + 1 R d v o ( t ) d t + 1 L v o ( t ) \begin{array}{c} 0 = C\frac{dv_o^2(t)}{dt^2} +\frac{1}{R}\frac{dv_o(t)}{dt} + \frac{1}{L}v_o(t) \end{array} 0=Cdt2dvo2(t)+R1dtdvo(t)+L1vo(t)

设齐次微分方程解的形式为

v h = A e s t \begin{array}{c} v_h = Ae^{st} \end{array} vh=Aest

其中 A 和 s 为待确定的参数,带入可得

0 = C A s 2 e s t + 1 R s A e s t + 1 L A e s t \begin{array}{c} 0 = CAs^2e^{st} + \frac{1}{R} sAe^{st} + \frac{1}{L}Ae^{st} \end{array} 0=CAs2est+R1sAest+L1Aest

不考虑 A 为 0 的情况,约掉同类项后可得

0 = C s 2 + 1 R s + 1 L \begin{array}{c} 0 = Cs^2 + \frac{1}{R} s + \frac{1}{L} \end{array} 0=Cs2+R1s+L1

解得

s 1 = − ( 1 R − 1 R 2 − 4 C L ) 2 C \begin{array}{c} s_1 = \frac{-(\frac{1}{R}-\sqrt{\frac{1}{R^2} - \frac{4C}{L}})}{2C} \end{array} s1=2C(R1R21L4C )

s 2 = − ( 1 R + 1 R 2 − 4 C L ) 2 C \begin{array}{c} s_2 = \frac{-(\frac{1}{R}+\sqrt{\frac{1}{R^2} - \frac{4C}{L}})}{2C} \end{array} s2=2C(R1+R21L4C )

可得

v h = A 1 e s 1 t + A 2 e s 2 t \begin{array}{c} v_h = A_1e^{s_1t} + A_2e^{s_2t} \end{array} vh=A1es1t+A2es2t

因为 C > 0,L > 0,所以

( 1 R 2 − 4 C L ) < 1 R 2 \begin{array}{c} (\frac{1}{R^2} - \frac{4C}{L}) < \frac{1}{R^2} \end{array} (R21L4C)<R21

所以
( 1 R − 1 R 2 − 4 C L ) > 0 \begin{array}{c} (\frac{1}{R}-\sqrt{\frac{1}{R^2} - \frac{4C}{L}}) > 0 \end{array} (R1R21L4C )>0

所以 s1 < 0,s2 < 0

同时,我们讨论的是正弦稳态的情况下的响应,所以 t 趋近于无限长,此时

A 1 e s 1 t → 0 , A 2 e s 2 t → 0 A_1e^{s_1t} \rightarrow 0,\qquad A_2e^{s_2t} \rightarrow 0 A1es1t0,A2es2t0

所以 vh = 0。

1.4 根据初始条件确定参数

由于稳态条件下通解为 0, 所以这一步不需要了。

1.5 最终的解

至此,用微分方程的方法得到的最终的解为

v o ( t ) = v p ( t ) + v h ( t ) v_o(t) = v_p(t) + v_h(t) vo(t)=vp(t)+vh(t)

v o ( t ) = A c o s ( w t + ϕ ) v_o(t) = A cos(wt + \phi) vo(t)=Acos(wt+ϕ)

其中:

A = V I ( R L w ) 2 + ( R C w ) 2 − 2 R 2 C L + 1 \begin{array}{c} A = \frac{V_I}{\sqrt{(\frac{R}{Lw})^2+(RCw)^2-\frac{2R^2C}{L}+1}} \end{array} A=(LwR)2+(RCw)2L2R2C+1 VI

ϕ = t a n − 1 ( R ( 1 − C w 2 L ) w L ) \begin{array}{c} \phi = tan^{-1}(\frac{R(1-Cw^2L)}{wL}) \end{array} ϕ=tan1(wLR(1Cw2L))

2.阻抗模型方法

阻抗模型下的电路示意图
阻抗模型

2.1 基础知识

电阻的阻抗模型:
Z R = R Z_R = R ZR=R

电容的阻抗模型:

Z C = 1 j w C Z_C = \frac{1}{jwC} ZC=jwC1

电感的阻抗模型:

Z L = j w L Z_L = jwL ZL=jwL

阻抗模型里,输入输出都是复数。

复数输入 Vi 为:

V i = V I e j w t V_i = V_Ie^{jwt} Vi=VIejwt

复数输出 Vo 为:

V o = V O e j w t + ϕ V_o = V_Oe^{jwt + \phi} Vo=VOejwt+ϕ

2.2 计算过程

阻抗模型的适用条件是正弦稳态条件下,可以直接利用分压法进行计算。

V o ( t ) = V i ( t ) Z C / / Z L Z R + Z C / / Z L V_o(t) = V_i(t) \frac{Z_C // Z_L}{Z_R + Z_C//Z_L} Vo(t)=Vi(t)ZR+ZC//ZLZC//ZL

其中

Z C / / Z L = 1 j w C + 1 j w L Z_C // Z_L = \frac{1}{jwC + \frac{1}{jwL}} ZC//ZL=jwC+jwL11

带入,可得

Z C / / Z L Z R + Z C / / Z L = 1 j w C + 1 j w L R + 1 j w C + 1 j w L \begin{array}{c} \frac{Z_C // Z_L}{Z_R + Z_C//Z_L} = \frac{\frac{1}{jwC + \frac{1}{jwL}}}{R+\frac{1}{jwC + \frac{1}{jwL}}} \end{array} ZR+ZC//ZLZC//ZL=R+jwC+jwL11jwC+jwL11

分子分母同时除以

1 j w C + 1 j w L \frac{1}{jwC + \frac{1}{jwL}} jwC+jwL11

可得

Z C / / Z L Z R + Z C / / Z L = 1 R ( j w C + 1 j w L ) + 1 \begin{array}{c} \frac{Z_C // Z_L}{Z_R + Z_C//Z_L} = \frac{1}{R(jwC+\frac{1}{jwL})+1} \end{array} ZR+ZC//ZLZC//ZL=R(jwC+jwL1)+11

继续化简

Z C / / Z L Z R + Z C / / Z L = 1 j ( R w C − R w L ) + 1 \begin{array}{c} \frac{Z_C // Z_L}{Z_R + Z_C//Z_L} = \frac{1}{j(RwC-\frac{R}{wL})+1} \end{array} ZR+ZC//ZLZC//ZL=j(RwCwLR)+11

用复数的角坐标表示

Z C / / Z L Z R + Z C / / Z L = 1 1 + ( R w C − R w L ) 2 e j t a n − 1 ( R w C − R w L ) \begin{array}{c} \frac{Z_C // Z_L}{Z_R + Z_C//Z_L} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+(RwC-\frac{R}{wL})^2}e^{jtan^{-1}(RwC-\frac{R}{wL})}} \end{array} ZR+ZC//ZLZC//ZL=1+(RwCwLR)2 ejtan1(RwCwLR)1

拆分并化简倒数为负指数
Z C / / Z L Z R + Z C / / Z L = 1 1 + ( R w C − R w L ) 2 e − j t a n − 1 ( R w C − R w L ) \begin{array}{c} \frac{Z_C // Z_L}{Z_R + Z_C//Z_L} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+(RwC-\frac{R}{wL})^2}} e^{-jtan^{-1}(RwC-\frac{R}{wL})} \end{array} ZR+ZC//ZLZC//ZL=1+(RwCwLR)2 1ejtan1(RwCwLR)

将Vi(t),Vo(t)以及上边的传递函数带入

V o ( t ) = V i ( t ) Z C / / Z L Z R + Z C / / Z L \begin{array}{c} V_o(t) = V_i(t) \frac{Z_C // Z_L}{Z_R + Z_C//Z_L} \end{array} Vo(t)=Vi(t)ZR+ZC//ZLZC//ZL

可得

V O e j ( w t + ϕ ) = V I e j w t 1 1 + ( R w C − R w L ) 2 e − j t a n − 1 ( R w C − R w L ) \begin{array}{c} V_Oe^{j(wt + \phi)} = \\ V_Ie^{jwt}\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+(RwC-\frac{R}{wL})^2}} e^{-jtan^{-1}(RwC-\frac{R}{wL})} \end{array} VOej(wt+ϕ)=VIejwt1+(RwCwLR)2 1ejtan1(RwCwLR)

合并化简可得

V O e j ( w t + ϕ ) = V I 1 + ( R w C − R w L ) 2 e j ( w t − t a n − 1 ( R w C − R w L ) ) \begin{array}{c} V_Oe^{j(wt + \phi)} =\\ \frac{V_I}{\sqrt{1+(RwC-\frac{R}{wL})^2}} e^{j(wt-tan^{-1}(RwC-\frac{R}{wL}))} \end{array} VOej(wt+ϕ)=1+(RwCwLR)2 VIej(wttan1(RwCwLR))

取对应项相等,可得

V O = V I 1 + ( R w C − R w L ) 2 \begin{array}{c} V_O= \frac{V_I}{\sqrt{1+(RwC-\frac{R}{wL})^2}} \end{array} VO=1+(RwCwLR)2 VI

ϕ = − t a n − 1 ( R w C − R w L ) \phi =-tan^{-1}(RwC-\frac{R}{wL}) ϕ=tan1(RwCwLR)

根据欧拉公式展开,并取虚部即为要求的时域部分的结果

v o ( t ) = V O c o s ( w t + ϕ ) v_o(t) = V_Ocos(wt+\phi) vo(t)=VOcos(wt+ϕ)

其中

V O = V I 1 + ( R w C − R w L ) 2 V_O= \frac{V_I}{\sqrt{1+(RwC-\frac{R}{wL})^2}} VO=1+(RwCwLR)2 VI

ϕ = − t a n − 1 ( R w C − R w L ) \phi =-tan^{-1}(RwC-\frac{R}{wL}) ϕ=tan1(RwCwLR)

与微分方程计算的结果一致。

绘制函数曲线

传递函数

使用函数绘制工具,以 w 作为变量,绘制传递函数的曲线,并调整 L,R,C 参数,观察不同参数对传递函数的影响,绘制演示如下

下面视频是不同 w 下的幅值变化曲线,可以观察到改变 L 可以调整谐振频率,更改 C 既会影响谐振频率,又会改变通频带的胖瘦(品质因数 Q ),更改 R 只改变胖瘦(品质因数 Q ),不改变谐振频率,在谐振频率处传递函数的幅值为1,说明输出幅值与输入幅值相等。

LC并联电路传递函数幅值随w的变化

下面是不同 w 下的相角变化曲线,上下的角度是正负 90°,改变 R 不会改变谐振频率,在谐振频率相角为 0°。

LC并联电路相角随w的变化

通过曲线图可以看到,电阻会影响品质因数,但是不会改变谐振频率,谐振频率处的输出信号幅值与输入相等,相角偏移为0,说明谐振时,输出与输入完全一致。

谐振频率为:

F = 1 2 π L C F = \frac{1}{2\pi\sqrt{LC}} F=2πLC 1

电路的品质因数 Q 为谐振频率 与 带宽的比值,带宽是幅值为幅值为谐振点幅值的 0.707 倍时的频率点的差值,因此,波形越瘦,电路的品质因数越高,改变电阻可以改变品质因数。

仿真验证

下图仿真在谐振点时输入信号与输出信号完全相同

谐振点仿真结果

下图是扫频的仿真,可以看到,在谐振点处传递函数幅值最大为 1,且相角为0.

交流扫频仿真结果

参考

正弦稳态:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ts411v7Ep?p=17

阻抗模型:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ts411v7Ep?p=19

电路的 Q 值: https://www.crystal-radio.eu/enlckring.htm#q


原文地址:https://blog.csdn.net/YanDabbs/article/details/142303296

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