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HTTP协议、Wireshark抓包工具、json解析、天气爬虫

 HTTP超文本传输协议

  • HTTP(Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): 全称超文本传输协议,是用于从万维网(WWW:World Wide Web )服务器传输超文本到本地浏览器的传送协议。

  • HTTP 协议的重要特点: 一发一收,一问一答

  • 明文传输 ,https密文 (加密了的)

现在的主流网站都是https

网址:URL 统一资源定位符

URL

互联网上每个文件都有一个唯一的 URL,它包含的信息指出文件的位置以及浏览器应该怎么处理它。
    <协议>://<主机>:<端口>/<路径>

    协议:HTTP       80         TCP 
          HTTPS     443         TCP 
    主机:  域名  ->  域名解析服务器 -> IP地址
    端口: 可以省略, HTTP 80
                    HTTPS 443
    路径: 想要获得对应的资源

https://www.example.com/path/to/resource?query=parameter#fragment

•https 是协议,

•www.example.com 是主机名,域名

•/path/to/resource 是路径,

•query=parameter 是查询参数,

•#fragment 是片段标识符。

HTTP交互过程:
    1.建立TCP连接
    2.发送HTTP请求报文
    3.回复HTTP相应报文
    4.关闭TCP连接

要一次建立一次tcp连接,关闭一次连接

 

HTTP请求报文的格式:

HTTP响应报文格式:

GET 方法
基本介绍:

以下几种方式都会触发 GET 方法的请求

Wireshark 抓包工具

sudo apt-get install wireshark

为什么很多软件都可以用apt-get install安装?

apt-get 是 Debian 及其衍生系统(如 Ubuntu、Linux Mint 等)中的高级包工具(Advanced Package Tool)的命令行接口。

1.集中化的软件仓库: Debian 和其衍生系统维护着庞大的软件仓库,这些仓库包含了成千上万个预编译的软件包。当软件开发者将他们的软件贡献给这些仓库时,软件就变得可供所有使用相同系统的用户通过 apt-get 安装。

2. 依赖关系管理: apt-get 能够解析和处理软件包之间的依赖关系。这意味着当你安装一个软件包时,apt-get 会自动安装所有必要的依赖包,确保软件能够正常运行。这种依赖关系管理大大简化了安装过程。

3.社区贡献和维护: 一个活跃的社区持续为 Debian 和其衍生系统贡献软件包。这些贡献者不仅提供新的软件包,还负责保持现有软件包的更新和维护,确保它们与最新系统兼容。

一般过滤条件先选择协议名  然后用端口过滤。 

 

先运行网站如何抓取http格式的数据

 Nowapi的ip地址和端口号 为  103.205.5.228:80   

         

GET /?app=weather.today&weaid=%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89&appkey=72317&sign=be43b728a4f27463d34f4fcbfea69134&format=json HTTP/1.1
Host: api.k780.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:109.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/113.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Server: nginx
Date: Thu, 18 Jul 2024 08:23:48 GMT
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8;
Transfer-Encoding: chunked
Connection: keep-alive
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *

{"success":"1","result":{"weaid":"316","days":"2024-07-18","week":".........","cityno":"xian","citynm":"......","cityid":"101110101","temperature":"33.../24...","temperature_curr":"33...","humidity":"75%","aqi":"40","weather":"......","weather_curr":"...","weather_icon":"http://api.k780.com/upload/weather/d/2.gif","weather_icon1":"","wind":"......","winp":"2...","temp_high":"33","temp_low":"24","temp_curr":"33","humi_high":"0","humi_low":"0","weatid":"3","weatid1":"","windid":"8","winpid":"2","weather_iconid":"2"}}

 用httl协议获取今日天气的信息(json格式)

#include"head.h"

int CreatTcpClient(char *pip,int port)
{
int ret = 0;
int sockfd = 0;
struct sockaddr_in seraddr;

sockfd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
if(-1 == sockfd)
{
perror("fail to socket");
return -1;
}

seraddr.sin_family = AF_INET;
seraddr.sin_port = htons(port);
seraddr.sin_addr.s_addr = inet_addr(pip);
ret = connect(sockfd,(struct sockaddr *)&seraddr,sizeof(seraddr));
if(-1 == ret)
{
perror("fail to connect ");
return -1;
}

return sockfd;

}

int SendHttpRequest(int sockfd,char *purl)
{
char tmpbuff[4096] = {0};
ssize_t nsize = 0;

sprintf(tmpbuff,"GET %s HTTP/1.1\r\n",purl);      //%s  用于将 purl里存放的内容拼接到 tmpbuff
sprintf(tmpbuff,"%sHost: api.k780.com\r\n",tmpbuff);
sprintf(tmpbuff,"%sUser-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:109.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/113.0\r\n",tmpbuff);
sprintf(tmpbuff,"%sAccept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8\r\n",tmpbuff);
sprintf(tmpbuff,"%sAccept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5\r\n",tmpbuff);
sprintf(tmpbuff,"%sConnection: keep-alive\r\n\r\n",tmpbuff);

nsize = send(sockfd,tmpbuff,strlen(tmpbuff),0);
if(-1 == nsize)
{
perror("fail to send");
return -1;
}

return 0;

}

int main(int argc, const char *argv[])
{
int sockfd = 0;
ssize_t nsize = 0;
char tmpbuff[4096] = {0};


sockfd = CreatTcpClient("103.205.5.228",80);
SendHttpRequest(sockfd,"/?app=weather.today&weaid=%E8%A5%BF%E5%AE%89&appkey=72317&sign=be43b728a4f27463d34f4fcbfea69134&format=json");
nsize = recv(sockfd,tmpbuff,sizeof(tmpbuff),0);
if(-1 == nsize)
{
perror("fial to recv");
return -1;
}
printf("*********RECV***********\n");
printf("%s\n",tmpbuff);
printf("************************\n");


close(sockfd);

return 0;
}

 

 json数据解析

{

    "success":"1",


    "result":{
        "weaid":"316",
        "days":"2024-07-18",
        "week":"星期四",
        "cityno":"xian",
        "citynm":"西安",
        "cityid":"101110101",
        "temperature":"33℃/24℃",
        "temperature_curr":"32℃",
        "humidity":"82%",
        "aqi":"41",
        "weather":"多云",
        "weather_curr":"多云",
        "weather_icon":"http://api.k780.com/upload/weather/d/1.gif",
        "weather_icon1":"",
        "wind":"西南风",
        "winp":"1级",
        "temp_high":"33",
        "temp_low":"24",
        "temp_curr":"32",
        "humi_high":"0",
        "humi_low":"0",
        "weatid":"2",
        "weatid1":"",
        "windid":"5",
        "winpid":"1",
        "weather_iconid":"1"
    }
}

这是一个两层的

JSON格式

一种数据格式

JSON(JavaScript Object Notation)通常用于Web应用程序之间以及客户端与服务器之间的数据交换。

JSON的基本结构包括对象和数组:‘

•对象是一系列无序的键值对。对象以   开始 ,以  结束。每个键后面跟一个冒号 : 每个键值对之间用逗号 , 分隔。

•数组是值的有序集合。数组以 [ 开始,以 ] 结束。值之间使用逗号 , 分隔。

字符串: 

{
    "name":"code",
    "gender":"male"
}

数字:

{
    "key1":10,
    "key2":20.0
}

 数组:

 {
     "key1" : [0, 1],
     "key2" : [2, 3]
 }

允许嵌套 

{
  "name": "John Doe",
  "age": 30,
  "isEmployed": true,
  "address": {
    "street": "123 Main St",
    "city": "Anytown"
  },
  "phoneNumbers": [
    {
      "type": "home",
      "number": "555-1234"
    },
    {
      "type": "mobile",
      "number": "555-5678"
    }
  ]
}

name、age 和 isEmployed 是简单的键值对。address 是一个嵌套的对象,phoneNumbers 是一个包含对象的数组。 

利用cJOSN解析json格式:

http://t.csdnimg.cn/KbuRZ

NowAPI天气爬虫

 json请求

 

URL: http://api.k780.com/?app=weather.today&weaId=1&appkey=APPKEY&sign=SIGN&format=json

 注意:
        appkey:换成自己的APPKey
        sign:换成自己的sign标识 

1.正常返回
{
    "success": "1",
    "result": {
        "weaid": "1",
        "days": "2014-07-30",
        "week": "星期三",
        "cityno": "beijing",
        "citynm": "北京",
        "cityid": "101010100",
        "temperature": "31℃/24℃", /*白天 夜间温度  (注: 夜间只有一个温度如24℃/24℃)*/
        "temperature_curr": "25℃", /*当前温度*/
        "humidity": "50%",/*湿度*/
        "aqi": "100",/*pm2.5 说明详见weather.pm25*/
        "weather": "多云转晴", /*天气*/
        "weather_icon": "http://api.k780.com/upload/weather/d/1.gif", /*气象图标 全部气象图标下载*/
        "weather_icon1": "", /*无意义不必理会*/
        "wind": "微风",/*风向*/
        "winp": "小于3级", /*风力*/
        "temp_high": "31", /*最高温度*/
        "temp_low": "24", /*最低温度*/
        "humi_high": "87.8", /*最大湿度 [历史遗留栏位不再更新]*/
        "humi_low": "75.2", /*最小湿度 [历史遗留栏位不再更新]*/
        "weatid": "2", /*天气ID,可对照weather.wtype接口中weaid*/
        "weatid1": "", /*无意义不必理会*/
        "windid": "1", /*风向ID(暂无对照表)*/
        "winpid": "2" /*风力ID(暂无对照表)*/
        "weather_iconid": "1"  /*气象图标编号,对应weather_icon 1.gif*/
    }
}

 请求报文格式:
 

GET 是最常用的 HTTP 方法,常用于获取服务器上的某个资源。

在浏览器中直接输入 URL 回车或点击浏览器收藏夹中的链接,此时浏览器就会发送出一个 GET 请求。

响应报文格式:
HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n
Server: nginx\r\n
Date: Fri, 08 Mar 2024 06:33:44 GMT\r\n
Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8;\r\n
Transfer-Encoding: chunked\r\n
Connection: keep-alive\r\n                         
Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *\r\n
\r\n
{"success":"1","result":{"weaid":"316","days":"2024-03-08","week":".........","cityno":"xian","citynm":"......","cityid":"101110101","temperature":"13.../0...","temperature_curr":"12...","humidity":"29%","aqi":"65","weather":"............","weather_curr":"...","weather_icon":"http://api.k780.com/upload/weather/d/0.gif","weather_icon1":"","wind":"......","winp":"2...","temp_high":"13","temp_low":"0","temp_curr":"12","humi_high":"0","humi_low":"0","weatid":"1","weatid1":"","windid":"4","winpid":"2","weather_iconid":"0"}}\r\n
 

  • HTTP 在传输层依赖 TCP 协议,TCP 是面向字节流的。如果没有这个空行,就会出现”粘包问题“所以报文中会有很多 \r\n        
  • 因为 HTTP 协议并没有规定报头部分的键值对有多少个,使用空行就相当于是报文的结束标记或报文和正文之间的分隔符

原文地址:https://blog.csdn.net/l22221/article/details/140521865

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